Materials for 12 mm or half inch thick plastering in wall for 100 square meter

Materials for 12 mm or half inch thick plastering in wall for 100 square meter

• First of all, we have to multiply 100 square meter surface with 12 mm.
• 100 square meter x 0.012 m = 1.2 cubic meter. (12 mm can also be written as 0.012)
• 1.2 cubic meter is wet mixed mortar for uniform thickness.
• Add 30% in this value to fill up joints, uneven surfaces, etc., the quantity of mortar comes out 1.2 + 0.36 = 1.56 cubic meter.
• Increasing by 25% the total dry volume will be 1.2+0.36+0.39 = 1.95 cubic meter or 2 cubic meter.
• For cement sand mortar, cement = dry volume / ( sum of ratios) x numeral of cement.
• For 1:4 cement sand mortar, cement will be 2/5 x 1 = 0.4 cubic meter.
• For 1:4 cement sand mortar, sand will be 2/5 x 4 = 1.6 cubic meter.
• In this way you can calculate the dry volume of any ratio of mortar ingredients.

Weight of steel bars per meter – Weight of steel bars formula

Diameter of bars in millimeter	Weight of bars in kilogram
6 mm	0.22 kg/meter
10 mm	0.62 kg/meter
12 mm	0.89 kg/meter
16 mm	1.58 kg/meter
20 mm	2.469 kg/meter
25 mm	3.858 kg/meter

Weight of steel bars formula

To calculate weight of steel bars, there is a formula used to calculate weight.

W=(D^2 x L)/162

how to calculate weight of steel in inches and foot

Density of steel in Cft = 490 Lbs/ Cft or 222.32 kgs/Cft

Volume = L x W x H = Cft

Let’s take an example, 

if you want to calculate weight of a plate 1' x 1' x 1/2" 

first calculate Volume 

Volume = 1 'x 1' x 0.042' =  0.042 Cft
Now if you want to calculate weight in Lbs  volume x 490

0.042 x 490 = 20.58 Lbs 

or if you want to calculate weight in Kgs  volume x 222.32

0.042 x 222.32 = 9.34 Kgs 

you can convert lbs to kgs 

20.58/2.204 or 20.58 x 0.454 

How to calculate weight of steel

Weight  = Volume X Density

= width (mm) X Thickness (mm)  X 7.85 Kg/mm³

= (40 X 20) X 0.00785 (converted the 7850 kg/m³ to 0.00785 g/mm³)

= 6.28 Kgs/ metre

For Circular Rebars (most used formula at site level)

this formula is for deformed steel bar .

Formula for Unit weight of steel = D²/162.28  Kg/m

Let’s take an example,

If we want to calculate the unit weight of 8mm steel rod of 2-metre height,

Weight of steel = 8²/162.28

= 0.3944 kg/m * 2m

= 0.79 kg

if we want to calculate steel square b

Specification of cement types according to its use

Specification of cement types according to its use
ASTM Types of Cements

Types of cements and what the do?

Portland cement is a type of cement, not a brand name. Many cement manufacturers make Portland cement.
Type 1:
Normal Portland cement. Type 1 is general use cement.
Type 2
Is used for structures in water or soil containing moderate amounts of sulfate, or when heat build-up is a concern.
Type 3:
High early strength. Used when high strength are desired at very early periods.
Type 4:
Low heat Portland cement. Used where the amount and rate of heat generation must be kept to a minimum.
Type 5:
Sulfate resistant Portland cement. Used where the water or soil is high in alkali.
Types IA, IIA and IIIA are cements used to make air-entrained concrete. They have the same properties as types I, II, and III, except that they have small quantities of air-entrained materials combined with them.
OPC:

• Concrete structures
• Mortars
• Soil stabilization
• Grouting

RHC:

• Formwork to be removed quickly for reuse
• Frost action, road repairs, prefabricated concrete

LHC:
Large gravity dams
SRC:

• Marine structures of tidal variations
• basements
• foundations
• sewage treatment concrete pipes

Whit Portland cement:
Architectural purpose
Air entrainig Portland cement:

• Severe frost
• Effect of salt
• sidewalls and pavements for ice and snow removal

Oil Well Portland cement:
Used in deep oil wells because they can harden properly at high temperature.

Properties and tests on cement

Properties of cement Concrete is a compound material made from sand, gravel and cement. The cement is a mixture of various minerals which when mixed with water, hydrate and rapidly become hard binding the sand and gravel into a solid mass. The oldest known surviving concrete is to be found in the former Yugoslavia and was thought to have been laid in 5,600 BC using red lime as the cement. The first major concrete users were the Egyptians in around 2,500 BC and the Romans from 300 BC The Romans found that by mixing a pink sand-like material which they obtained from Pozzuoli with their normal lime-based concretes they obtained a far stronger material. The pink sand turned out to be fine volcanic ash and they had inadvertently produced the first 'pozzolanic' cement. Pozzolana is any siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which possesses little or no cementitious value in itself but will, if finely divided and mixed with water, chemically react with calcium hydroxide to form compounds with cementitious properties.

The Romans made many developments in concrete technology including the use of lightweight Aggregates as in the roof of the Pantheon, and embedded reinforcement in the form of bronze bars, although the difference in thermal expansion between the two materials produced problems of spalling. It is from the Roman words 'caementum' meaning a rough stone or chipping and 'concretus' meaning grown together or compounded, that we have obtained the names for these two now common materials.

Test on cement

Strength of concrete in the hardened state is usually measured by the COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH using the Compression Test.

ASTM Types of Cement

 

There are following types of cement.

1. Type I Normal cement
   
2. Type IA Normal + air entrained agents
   
3. Type II Moderate sulphate resistant cement
   
4. Type IIA Moderate sulphate resistant cement + air entrained agents
   
5. Type III High early strength cement
   
6. Type IIIA High early strength cement + air entrained agents
   
7. Type IV Low heat cement
   
8. Type V High sulphate resistant cement
   
   

   Type I  Normal Cement.

   Characteristics

9. Used for general purpose
   
10. Available widely
    
11. Used where concrete is not subjected to specific exposures such as sulphate attacks from soil or water or to an objectionable temperature rise due to heat of hydration
    
12. Suitable for all uses e.g pavement, sidewalk, R.C buildings, bridges, water tanks, culverts, sewers etc.
    This type of cement reaches its design strength in 28 days.

Contents

1. MgO is less than 0.6 %
   
2. Insolouble residue is less than 0.75 %
   
3. Loss on ignition is less than 3%
   
4. Insolouble residue
   
5. It is determined by treatment with HCl. It is due to impurities in Gypsum. 

Loss on ignition:

• 200°C temperature is maintained for 1 hour for 10 grams of material.

Air entrained agents:

Smaller quantities of air entraining materials are interground with clinker at the time of manufacture to produce minte, well distributed and completely separated air bubbles. These are in millions per cubic feet. Used against freezing and thawing.

Type II (Moderate Sulphate Resistance Cement)

This type of cement is used where precaution against moderate sulphate attack is important. Like where concrete will come in  contact with ground or buried in ground. e.g in drainage structures, large piers, retaining walls etc
Type II generates less heat than type I and reaches its desired strength in 45 days

Type IIA

It is same as Type II but just having air entraining agents.

Type III (High early strength cement/Rapid hardening cement)

1. High C3S content upto 70%
   
2. Also it has high fineness and have minimum surface area of 325 m2/kg
   
3. It is used where formwork is to be removed quickly or sufficient strength for further construction is required. It has high heat of hydration and achieves its design strength in 7 days or less. Due to high heat generation, it should not be used in mass concreting or large structural section. Though in cold climate it may serve well.
   

Type IIIA

It is the same as Type III plus air entrained agents

Type IV (Low heat cement)

this type of cement is used in mass concreting because it generates less heat, though sets slowly but becomes much stronger after curing. Its design strength is 90 days.

Type V (High sulphate resisting cement)

When concrete is exposed to highly alkaline soil or water having high sulphate content then this type is used.
This cement has a low C3A content so as to avoid sulphate attack from outside the concrete. Otherwise the formation of calcium sulphoaluminate and gypsum would cause disruption of conrete due to an increase in volume of resultant compounds.

 

TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION

Deep foundations are required to carry loads from a structure through weak compressible soils or fills on to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth, or for functional reasons. These foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.

The types of deep foundations in general use are as follows:

1) Basements

2) Buoyancy rafts (hollow box foundations)

3) Caissons

4) Cylinders

5) Shaft foundations

6) Piles

Basement foundations:

These are hollow substructures designed to provide working or storage space below ground level. The structural design is governed by their functional requirements rather than from considerations of the most efficient method of resisting external earth and hydrostatic pressures. They are constructed in place in open excavations.

Buoyancy rafts (hollow box foundations)

Buoyancy rafts are hollow substructures designed to provide a buoyant or semi-buoyant substructure beneath which the net loading on the soil is reduced to the desired low intensity. Buoyancy rafts can be designed to be sunk as caissons, they can also be constructed in place in open excavations.

Caissons foundations:

Caissons are hollow substructures designed to be constructed on or near the surface and then sunk as a single unit to their required level.

Cylinders:

Cylinders are small single-cell caissons.

Shaft foundations:

Shaft foundations are constructed within deep excavations supported by lining constructed in place and subsequently filled with concrete or other pre-fabricated load-bearing units.

Pile foundations:

Pile foundations are relatively long and slender members constructed by driving preformed units to the desired founding level, or by driving or drilling-in tubes to the required depth – the tubes being filled with concrete before or during withdrawal or by drilling unlined or wholly or partly lined boreholes which are then filled with concrete.

Chemical Classification of stone

Chemical Classification of stone
On the basis of their chemical composition engineers prefer to classify rocks as:

• Silicious rocks
• Argillaceous rocks and
• Calcareous rocks

(i)Silicious rocks:

The main content of these rocks is silica. They are hard and durable. Examples
of such rocks are granite, trap, sand stones etc.
(ii)Argillaceous rocks:

The main constituent of these rocks is argil i.e., clay. These stones are
hard and durable but they are brittle. They cannot withstand shock. Slates and laterites are examples of
this type of rocks.
(iii)Calcareous rocks:

The main constituent of these rocks is calcium carbonate. Limestone is a
calcareous rock of sedimentary origin while marble is a calcareous rock of metamorphic origin.

elements in Concrete Structural of a building.

Footings:

Footings are pads or strips that support columns and spread their load directly to the soil.

Column:

Columns are vertical members that support loads from the beam or slabs. They may be subjected to axial loads or moments.

Beams:

Long horizontal or inclined members with limited width and height are called beams. Their main function is to transfer loads from the slab to the columns.

Slab:

Slabs are horizontal slab elements in building floors and roof. They may carry gravity loads as well as lateral loads. The depth of the slab is usually very small relatively to its length and width.

Frames:

Frames are structural members that consists of combination of slab, beams and columns.

Walls:

Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads e.g retaining walls, basement walls. etc

TYPES OF LOADS

Structural members must be designed to support specific loads. Loads are those forces for which a structure should be proportioned. Loads that act on structure can be divided into three categories.

1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Environmental loads

Dead Loads:

Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the structure. It includes the weight of the structure and any permanent material placed on the structure, such as roofing, tiles, walls etc. They can be determined with a high degree of accuracy from the dimensions of the elements and the unit weight of the material.

Live loads:

Live loads are those that may vary in magnitude and may also change in location. Live loads consists chiefly occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads in bridges. Live loads at any given time are uncertain, both in magnitude and distribution.

Environmental loads:

Consists mainly of snow loads, wind pressure and suction, earthquake loads (i.e inertial forces) caused by earthquake motions. Soil pressure on subsurface portion of structures, loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat surfaces and forces caused by temperature differences. Like live loads, environmental loads at any given time are uncertain both in magnitude and distribution.

Plane Tabling Survey (Method of Intersection)

1. Tripod
2. Plane Table
3. Plumbing Fork
4. Level
5. Magnetic needle compass
6. Alidade
7. Measuring Tape
8. Ranging Rods (For demonstration purpose)
9. Other accessories
1. 28in x 22in drawing sheet
2. Scotch Tape
3. Chisel pointed Pencil
4. Eraser

Procedure:

1. Select two instrument stations P and Q, such that all the points or details to be located are visible from both the stations.
2. Now set the table on P and make it centered and level.
3. Using the plumbing form locate the ground station on the sheet i.e. p, such that the point p on the sheet is exactly over the point P on the ground.
4. Measure the distance between P and Q.
5. Now using the alidade pivoted at P orient the table so that other instrument station Q is sighted and clamp the table and draw a line along the fidicual edge of the alidade according to a suitable scale. This line pq is a base line and hence must be measured and drawn accurately
6. With the alidade pivoted on p sight other details and draw rays as a’, b’ c’, d’ etc as shown in Figure 0-1
7. Now shift the table to station Q and make it centered and leveled such that point q on sheet is exactly above the Q on the ground
8. With the alidade placed along line pq orient the table and back sight the station P and clamp the table.
9. With the alidade pivoted on q sight other details and draw rays as a’’, b’’ c’’, d’’ etc as shown in Figure 0-2
10. The intersection of a’, b’ c’, d’, e’ with a’’, b’’ c’’, d’’, e’’ are named as a, b, c, d, e respectively. Join a, b, c, d, e as shown in Figure 0-3

Significance and Applications

In this method a base line is drawn between two instrument stations. The significance of this method is that only the base line is measured and ploted to scale very accurately. Other points or details depends on the scale and accuracy of the base line. It is used when:

• The ground is not level and smooth
• Distances are so large that cannot be measured with single tape

WEIGHT OF BUILDING & ROAD MATERIAL

	1 Cft	1 Cum
Cement	40.00 Kgs	1430 Kgs
Sand	50.00 Kgs	1840 Kgs
Crush	50.75 Kgs	1790 Kgs
Water	28.31 Kgs	1000 Kgs
Mud	40 to 50 Kgs	1410 to 1840 Kgs
Bricks	45 to 54 Kgs	1600 to 1920 Kgs
Bricks ballast	34 Kgs	1200 Kgs
Steel	222.44 Kgs	7850 Kgs
Lime White	16.36 to 18.15 Kgs	580 to 640 Kgs