Types of Formwork (Shuttering) for Concrete Construction: Timber Formwork: Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement: It should be well seasoned light in weight easily workable with nails without splitting free from loose knots Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete...
Showing posts with label building metrials. Show all posts
Showing posts with label building metrials. Show all posts
Compressive Strength Definition
Compressive Strength Definition Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates. ...
Cement and History of cement
Cement A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together. The most important types of cement are used as a component in the production of mortar in masonry, and of concrete, which is a combination of cement...
Lime Production
Lime Production When limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated, at about 1000 °C it undergoes thermal decomposition. It loses carbon dioxide and turns into quicklime (calcium oxide). The reaction is carried out in specially constructed lime kilns(a kiln is a high temperature oven). Limestone is added at the top and quicklime is removed from the bottom in a continuous process. Lime Cycle Lime Production ...
FACTORS AFFECTING CONCRETE ADMIXTURES PERFORMANCE
The various factors which affect the performance of concrete admixtures are: 1. Type of super-plasticizer: The admixture will be more effective if molecular weight of the super-plasticizer is high. 2. Dosage: The quantity of admixture should be optimum. Excess of admixture may...
What are the reasons of establishing minimum area of reinforcement and maximum area of reinforcement?
Beams may be designed to be larger than required for strength consideration owing to aesthetics or other reasons. As such, the corresponding steel ratio is very low and the moment capacity of pure concrete section based on the modulus of rupture is...
Units of Measurement
Units of measurement used in past and present surveys are For construction work: feet, inches, fractions of inches (m, mm)For most surveys: feet, tenths, hundredths, thousandths (m, mm)For National Geodetic Survey (NGS) control surveys: meters, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 m The most-used equivalents...
Design of foundations for building
Depth of Foundation : Minimum depth of foundation is given by: H=P/W(1-Sinᶲ/1+Sinᶲ) Ranking formula applicable to loose soils. Where H= Depth of foundation in m Below ground level. ...
ESTIMATION METHODS OF BUILDING WORKS
The estimation of building quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods: a) Long wall – short wall method b) Centre line method. c) Partly centre line and...
MATERIALS FOR DAMP PROOF COURSE
Damp proof course (DPC) is a barrier of impervious material built into a wall or pier to prevent moisture from moving to any part of the building. Following are the materials generally used for damp proofing of structures: 1) Flexible Materials: The...
FACTORS AFFECTING CONCRETE MIX DESIGN STRENGTH
Factors that affects the concrete mix design strengths are: Variables in Mix Design A. Water/cement ratio B. Cement content C. Relative proportion of fine & coarse aggregates D. Use of admixtures A. Water/cement ratio Water to cement ratio (W/C ratio) is the single...
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep foundations are required to carry loads from a structure through weak compressible soils or fills on to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth, or for functional reasons. These foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground...
Tests on Bricks
Tests on Bricks The following laboratory testsmay be conducted on the bricks to find their suitability: (i) Crushing strength (ii) Absorption (iii) Shape and size and (iv) Efflorescence. (i)Crushing Strength:The brick specimen are immersed in water for 24 hours. The frog of...
Properties of Bricks
Properties of Bricks The following are the required properties of good bricks: (i)Colour: Colour should be uniform and bright. (ii)Shape: Bricks should have plane faces. They should have sharp and true right angled corners. (iii)Size:Bricks should be of standard sizes as prescribed...
Types of Bricks
Types of Bricks Bricks may be broadly classified as: (i) Building bricks (ii) Paving bricks (iii) Fire bricks (iv) Special bricks. (i)Building Bricks: These bricks are used for the construction of walls. (ii)Paving Bricks: These are vitrified bricks and are used as...
