Civil Engineering tool for Surveying Chain tape: The chain tape is also referred to as the Günter’s chain. Gunter’s chain, the 300 –year-old measuring instrument by which all survey measurement in the English – speaking countries and much of it elsewhere was done. It...
Precisions for different methods of measuring distances are given below:- Pacing (ordinary terrain): 1/50 to 1/100 Taping (ordinary steel tape): 1/1000 to 1/10,000. Baseline (invar tape): 1/50,000 to 1/1,000,000 Stadia: 1/300 to 1/500 Subtense bar: 1/1000 to 1/7000 Now with technological advances,...
Damp proof course (DPC) is a barrier of impervious material built into a wall or pier to prevent moisture from moving to any part of the building. Following are the materials generally used for damp proofing of structures: 1) Flexible Materials: The...
Deep foundations are required to carry loads from a structure through weak compressible soils or fills on to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth, or for functional reasons. These foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground...
Type of Stones Stones used for civil engineering works may be classified in the following three ways: • Geological • Physical • Chemical Geological Classification Based on their origin of formation stones are classified into three main groups—Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks....
Footings: Footings are pads or strips that support columns and spread their load directly to the soil. Column: Columns are vertical members that support loads from the beam or slabs. They may be subjected to axial loads or moments. Beams: Long horizontal...
Types of Surveying Chains: Following are the various types of chain in common use: Metric chains Steel band or Band chain Gunter's chain or surveyors chain Engineers chain Revenue chain 1. Metric Chain:Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies...
