What Different Types Of Surveys Are There?

Lot Survey: This is a survey of a lot in a recorded subdivision. Corners should be marked in accordance with existing state standards, and the owner receives a drawing depicting what comers were set and what comers were found.

Boundary Survey: These surveys are normally described by Metes and Bounds and may require extensive research of adjoining deeds, original government surveys, highway plans, etc. A Boundary Survey usually requires field work on neighboring lands to verify or find existing monumentation. Because many deeds were prepared in an office and not actually surveyed, and others are just poorly written, it may require extra research and field work to determine the property lines. The comers should be marked in accordance with existing state standards, and the owner receives a drawing depicting what comers were set and what comers were found, and the relationship between deed lines and lines of possession.

Subdivision Survey: This type of survey divides existing parcels into smaller parcels. These types of surveys           are required to be recorded at the county recorder's office and must also meet all requirements of government agencies. State standards require a minimum of two permanent monuments per block.

Topographic Survey: Although these are generally performed by a Land Surveyor, other professionals, such as Engineers and Architects may also complete them. These types of surveys are graphic representations of physical features of the land depicting natural and man-made features, such as fences, buildings, utilities, hills, valleys streams, lakes, roads, etc. They can be performed by field ground methods or by aerial photographic methods. The preciseness of this type of survey depends on what it is to be used for. These surveys should be completed in conjunction with a ''Boundary Survey'' (which can only be performed by a Professional Land Surveyor) to show lines of possession.

Plot Plan or Site Plan:This type of survey may be required by local authorities or you may require it to insure that a proposed house or structure is constructed in the proper location and not over an easement or building set back line. A drawing may be required showing the proposed building location.

Surveyors Real Property Report: This is a report on the location of improvements and a cursory check for encroachments onto or from the subject property based on existing evide.

Surveying Short Question

Question 1.What Is Surveying?

Answer :

The profession or work of examining and recording the area and features of a piece of land so as to construct a map, plan, or detailed description of it.

Question 2. What Is A Surveyor?

Answer :

Surveyors update boundary lines and prepare sites for construction so that legal disputes are prevented. Surveyors make precise measurements to determine property boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the Earth's surface for engineering, map making, and construction projects.

Question 3. What Is A Property Surveyor?

Answer :

It is important, therefore, that you employ a surveyor yourself to undertake a thorough inspection of the property you wish to buy. The types of surveys available. There are two main types of structural survey available for those buying a property: a Home buyer's Report or a Full Building Survey.

Question 4. What Is A Marine Surveyor?

Answer :

A Marine surveyor (including "Yacht & Small Craft Surveyor", "Hull & Machinery Surveyor" and/or "Cargo Surveyor") is a person who conducts inspections, surveys or examinations of marine vessels to assess, monitor and report on their condition and the products on them, as well as inspects damage caused to both vessels .

Types of Leveling Instruments.

Types of Leveling Instruments

According to the general arrangement of various parts, the levels may be classified as:

1. Dumpy level,
2. Wye level,
3. Reversible level such as Cooke’s reversible level and Cushing’s level, and
4. Tilting level.

1.Dumpy level.

In the modern form of Dumpy level also called “solid Dumpy level”, the vertical spindle and the telescope are rigidly fixed so that the telescope can neither be rotated about its longitudinal axis nor removed from the supports.

This leveling instrument is more stable when compared to others and retains its permanent adjustment for a long time.

2. Wye or Y level.

In this instrument, the stage carries two “wye” supports in which the telescope is fixed.

To the body of the telescope, two hanged collars of equal diameters are fixed. These collars rest on the “Wyes.”

The telescope can be rotated about its longitudinal axis, or it can be taken out and placed end-for-end in the wyes.

A clamp and a tangent screw are provided to facilitate accurate sighting of the objects. This is a very delicate instrument and consists of a large number of loose and open parts.

Due to the reversibility of the telescope, the instrument may be more easily tested for permanent adjustments.

Comparing the Dumpy and the Wye levels, the Dumpy level is better suited for field work than the Wye level as the Wye level is not as compact as a Dumpy level. The Dumpy level is more reliable due to its solid and rigid construction.

The advantages of a Wye level are that the same may be tested for the permanent adjustment rapidly and the adjustment can be made indoors.

3. Cooke’s reversible level.

This Levelling instrument combines the good features of both the Dumpy and the Wye levels.

By loosening the screw, the telescope can be rotated about its longitudinal axis and can also be withdrawn from the sockets and placed end-for-end.

4. Cushing’s level.

Cushing’s level is in that type of levelling instruments in which, the telescope is rigidly fixed in the collar as in a Dumpy Level.

The two ends of the telescope barrel have equal sockets which can either received the objective or the eye-piece and diaphragm.

Reversal of the line of collimation may be established by interchanging the objective and the eyepiece. The eye-piece can be rotated in its fitting.

5. Tilting Level.

In the above four types of levelling instruments, the line of collimation is at the right angle to the vertical axis, if the instrument is in the permanent adjustment.

Therefore, when the bubble is centered the line of collimation is made horizontal and the vertical axis is made truly vertical.

In the tilting level, the telescope along with its bubble tube can be leveled by a micrometer screw without using the foot screws of the instrument, i.e., the line of collimation may be made horizontal independent of the vertical axis.

Originally, the tilting levels were designed for preliminary works only, but now they have become very popular and are being used for ordinary levelling also.

As the micrometer screw tilts the telescope in a vertical plane, the level is called a tilting level.

When a tilting level is used for levelling work, the vertical axis is only approximately set vertical by levelling screws.

(Unlike the other types of levelling instruments in which, the bubble should be exactly centered by foot screws).

…and before taking each Staff reading the main level tube is exactly centered by means of the micrometer screw.

The advantage of tilting level over other types of levelling instruments is that as the instrument is to be only approximately levelled by using the foot screws, much time is saved, which would be otherwise lost in bringing the bubble exactly to the center of its tube by using the foot screws.

Another advantage is that the grades or lines with a particular gradient can be laid by means of the micrometer screw.

Leveling Instruments used in Surveying.

Leveling Instruments used in Surveying.

• Leveling Instruments used in Surveying.
• Types of Leveling Instruments
• 1.Dumpy level.
• 2. Wye or Y level.
• 3. Cooke’s reversible level.
• 4. Cushing’s level.
• 5. Tilting Level.
• 
  
• Levelling instruments are employed for determining the relative heights of different points on the earth’s surface.
  A level essentially consists of a telescope to which a bubble tube is attached such that the axis of the bubble tube and the line of collimation of the telescope are parallel to each other.
  The instrument is provided with leveling screws by which the bubble tube is centered, and the line of collimation is brought into a horizontal plane.
• The levelling instrument irrespective of its type essentially consists of:
  1. Leveling head with foot screws
  2. Telescope and
  3.  level or bubble tube;
  The Leveling head usually consists of two parallel plates the upper plate is supported over the lower plate by three or four-foot screws or leveling screws by which the instrument may be leveled.
  Most of the modern Levelling instruments are designed to have three-foot screws because they are easily leveled.
  The telescopes used in surveying instruments consists of metal tubes, one moving axially within the other.
  There are mainly two types of telescope, (1) the external focusing telescope, and (2) the internal focusing telescope.

What is Leveling? | Important Terms in Surveying and Leveling.

What is Leveling in Surveying?

The art of determining the relative heights of points on the surface of the earth is termed as “leveling.”

A leveling instrument called “Level” and “Staff” is employed for this purpose along with other equipments which are explained in this article in details.

Definition of Important Terms in Surveying and Levelling.

Level Surface.

This is a surface which is normal to the direction of gravity at all points as indicated by a plumb line. The surface of a still lake may be taken as an example of a level surface.

As the earth is an oblique spheroid, a level surface will not be plane but will be a cursed one. Every point on a level surface is equidistant from the center of the earth.

Level Line.

A line lying throughout on a level surface is a level line. This is normal to the plumb line at all points.

Horizontal Plane.

A horizontal plane through a point is a plane tangential to the level surface at the point. This is normal to the direction of gravity at that point.

Horizontal Line.

Any line lying throughout in a horizontal plane is termed as “horizontal line.”

Vertical Plane.

A vertical plane is any plane containing a vertical line. A vertical line at any point is a line normal to the level surface at that point. A plumb line is an example of a vertical line.

Read Also: Surveying Tapes: Types of Measuring Tape Used in Survey.

Datum Surface.

This is an arbitrary surface with reference to which the elevations of points are measured and compared.

Elevation of a Point.

Elevation of a point is the vertical distance above or below the datum. This is usually called the reduced level (R.L) of the point. This may be positive or negative accordingly as the point is above or below the datum.

Line of Collimation.

The line of collimation or the line of sight is the line joining the intersection of cross-hairs to the optical center of the object glass and its continuation.

Axis of Telescope.

The axis of a telescope is the line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye piece.

Axis of Bubble Tube.

The axis of bubble tube or level tube is the line tangential to the longitudinal curve of bubble tube at its middle point. This is horizontal when the bubble is centered. This is also called “bubble line.”

Vertical Axis.

The vertical axis is the line about which the telescope can be rotated in a horizontal plane.

Civil Engineering tool for Surveying Chain tape:

Civil Engineering tool for Surveying Chain tape:

The chain tape is also referred to as the Günter’s chain. Gunter’s chain, the 300 –year-old measuring instrument by which all survey measurement in the English – speaking countries and much of it elsewhere was done. It has been superseded by the steel tape and electronic equipment. Gunter’s chain is 66 feet long; 80 chain equal to one mile, and 10 square chains equals an acre. The chain is subdivided into 100 links. A rod or perch was 25 links. Each link was a short section of wire connected to the next by a loop. At each end of the chain was a brass handle. The 66 – foot unit is still called a chain and is still in use in property descriptions and in the public land system. The Gunter chain is generally used in taking short and detailed length and breadth of a school farmstead.